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Jampyk-kala, (uzb. Жампық қалъа). Dating: the foundation of the settlement dates back
to the 4th-3rd centuries BC; 4th, 9th-11th, 13th-14th centuries AC
The settlement has a complex configuration, not caused
by the terrain. The maximum length is 420 m, the width is 288 m. The northern
wall is straight, with two bends. The western part of the monument was
destroyed by the floods of the Amu Darya. The walls reach a height of nine
meters and are built of pakhs blocks. The thickness of the walls at the base is
5.6-5.8 m, at the top 3.4-3.6 m. The wall surfaces have an inclination to the
base: on the outer side - 79°, on the inner side - 87-88°.
On the top of the walls there was an open shooting
gallery 2.8-3.0 m wide, protected from the outside by a parapet up to 0.6 m
wide. The ascent to the shooting gallery was carried out by stairs made
directly on the inner surface of the walls due to their expansion. 6 towers of
a truncated-conical shape have been preserved, spaced from each other by 70 or
more meters. A parapet runs along the edge of the towers. Only in the tower on
the eastern wall there is a tower room inside, the rest of the towers are
solid.
There were probably two entrances. One of them was
located in the northern wall and served as an exit to the cemetery. It was
fenced off from the side of the Amu Darya by a stone dam about 84 m long. The
second gate could be located in a bend on the south side.
In the eastern part, the citadel has been preserved in
the form of a rectangle of pakhs walls. The length of the southern wall is 62.9
m; the northern wall has not been preserved. The eastern wall has been
preserved at 31.3 m, the western at 40 m. At a height of 4.6 m from the base,
the western and southern walls are decorated with closed semi-columns about 1 m
in diameter. There are no corrugations on the eastern wall facing the city
wall. At a height of 9m. semi-columns were crowned with stepped in pairs
perspective arches. The walls of the citadel have a thickness of 1.75 m at the
base, and 0.8 m at a height of 2 m. For strength, logs with a diameter of 15-20
cm and a length of up to 3.4 m are placed in the walls. The inner surfaces of
the walls are decorated with semi-elliptical niches with a height about 0.8 m,
which were preserved on the eastern wall of the citadel at a height of 5 m. The
entrance to the citadel was in the western wall. The cultural layer in the
citadel has not been preserved.
Archaeological excavations made it possible to clarify
the chronology of the settlement. The oldest pottery dates back to the 4th
century BC. – 1st century AD. A more numerous group is made up of ceramics
dating back to the 9th-11th centuries, when the citadel and the walls
surrounding it were built. The date of the last habitation is determined by a
silver coin of 719 AH (1319-1320) and bronze coins of Janibek 746 AH
(1345-1346) and 748 AH (1347-1348).
During the excavations, numerous finds were discovered,
previously brought from various countries of the East and West (China, Egypt,
Russia, Europe, India).
The studies were carried out in coordination with
University College London with the full support and assistance of the National
Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO, as well as the khokimiyats
of the regions of Karakalpakstan. More than 900 aerial photographs and videos,
as well as various geodata, have been collected during the research, which
allow visually recreating the settlement accurately, measuring and studying the
topography of the area, making cartography and assessing the state of conservation
of the monument.
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